Linux or GNU / Linux is a free operating system which is very popular. The term Linux or GNU / Linux (GNU) was also used to refer to the entire orbit Linux (Linux distribution), which often included other programs in addition to Operating System. Examples are programs such as Web Server, Language Pengaturcaraan, Database, Persekitaran Desktop (Desktop environment) (such as GNOME and KDE), and office suites (office suite), such as OpenOffice.org. Circular-orbit Linux has experienced rapid growth in terms of popularity, so the more popular version of UNIX that propritari (proprietary) and began to rival Microsoft Windows dominance in some cases.
Linux endorse many Perkakasan Computers, and has been in use in a variety of equipment from time to Superkomputer Computer and System Benam (Embedded System) (such as Telefon Mudahalih and private Tivo Video Recorder).
In the beginning, he created and used by peminatnya only. Now Linux has received sponsorship from big companies such as IBM, Hewlett-Packarddan and other big companies. The penganalisa vector kejayaannya this is because Linus does not depend on the vendor (vendor-independence), perkakasan a low cost, and kepantasannya proportionate proprietary versions of UNIX, as well as safety factors, and proportionate kestabilannya with Microsoft Windows. The characteristics of this top is also a proof of the benefits of open source development model.
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History
Linux kernel initially written as a hobby by a university student Linus Torvalds of Finland to study at the University of Helsinki, Minix kernel to make free and can edit. (Minix is a UNIX-like project lessons to be cooked easily and not for commerce purposes.) Version 0:01 issued to the Internet in September 1991, Version 0:02 on 5 October 1991. [1]
Next, the author beribu thousands of volunteer programs around the world have this attached to the project.
History of Linux-based operating system arat associated with the GNU project, the projects diketuai popular free program by Richard Stallman. The GNU project began in 1983 to create a Unix-like operating system complete - compiler, application Utilities, Utilities, and so on development - with the program be completely free. In 1991, when the first version of Linux is written, the GNU project, the projects have produced almost all the system components - except the kernel. Torvalds and the kernel such as Linux developer to adjust the kernel so that they can work with GNU components, and so removing the Operating System that just works. Thus, Linux space complete in the last draft GNU.
Although the Linux kernel dilisensikan under the GNU General Public License, it is not from the GNU project.
Tux, a Penguin, and maskot is a logo for Linux. Linux is tandaniaga (SN: 1916230) which is owned by Linus Torvalds. Linux is listed as "Program system for computer usage and computer operations." Tandaniaga this diletak after an incident occur in which a forger named William R Della Croce Jr. began to dispatch letters to the pengedar Linux megklaim tandaniaga Linux is hers and ask for royalties of 10% of them. The pengedar Linux start encourage tandaniaga the original given to Linus Torvalds. Perlisensian tandaniaga Linux now dikendali by Linux Mark Institute.
Linux distribution
See also Linux Distribution
There are many Linux distribution or circulation (more known as distributions), are made by individuals, groups, and other institutions. Each individual program may be included with the system and additional application program, in addition to include a program to install the entire system in a new computer.
The core of every orbit is a Linux Kernel Linux, the collection program from the GNU project (or other projects), shell, and aturcara Utilities such as libraries (libraries), compilers, and Pengedit (editor). Most systems also include aturcara Utilities and non-GNU, however Utilities can be exiled and still provide a Unix-style system. Some examples are aturcara and Utilities from the BSD and System Tetingkap-X (X-Window System). X provides Antaramuka Graphic (GUI) for the fundamental Linux system.
Applications based on the Linux Operating System
Linux users, which is tradisinya need to install and configure the system themselves, tend to understand technology better than Microsoft Windows users or Mac OS. They are often called "hackers" or "geek". But this stereotype is reduced with the increase in user-friendly nature and extent of the orbit Linux users. Linux has been making quite a good achievement in the computer server market and special purpose computer. For example, the engine render images, and web services. Linux has also become a popular market in the computer "desktop".
Linux is the basis of a combination of program-server LAMP, shortness of Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl / PHP, Python. LAMP has reached a wide popularity among the web developer.
Linux is also often used as an Operating System Benam. The cost of Linux allows the use of inexpensive equipment such as the Simputer, the low cost computer that disasarkan in low-income residents in Developing Countries.
With Persekitaran Desktop as KDE and GNOME, Linux User Interface which offers more like Apple Macintosh or Microsoft's Windows Interface Line Landing as Unix. Thus, the more graphics program can be found on Linux, that offers many functions in the Utilities commercial.
Market and dapatpakai
Linux in the first operation of the system is only used by peminat computer, the system has become a more user-Living, antaramuka with a variety of graphics applications that are more similar to other consumer operating system, from the direction of Unix. However, this impression has been raised many criticisms, including the proponent of Linux. They argued that the Linux programs and projects are still not free to reach a satisfactory ke'dapatpakai'an factors. The issue of proportionate ke'dapatpakai'an Linux Windows or Macintosh is still a hot issue of debate. Linux market in the computer "desktop" is still quite small but growing. According to Institute Investigation Pasaran IDC, big market for Linux in 2002 is 25% for the server market, and 2.8% of market for personal Computers.
For those who only use the regular Windows or Macintosh, Linux may seem more difficult due to differences in the various work computer. And again, it is easier to find the technical sponsorship for Windows or Mac OS than Linux. Moreover, the users often need to switch programs that are often used, because the program is not found in Linux (or rather the selection is limited, particularly computer games). The other factor is the nature of doubt users are difficult to release their operating system (many users are still using the old version of Windows). In addition, most computers shipped with Windows ready installed (preinstalled). These factors cause the development of Linux is rather slow.
However, over Linux as a low cost, the more safe securities, and does not depend on the vendor, has encouraged the widespread use of the cooperative and in the kingdom. In this situation, the obstruction mentioned above can be reduced because only the application / Utilities limited use, and work pentadbiran computer (administration) is controlled by a group of IT specialists who work less.
There are various studies conducted a limited cost and ke'dapatpakai'an Linux. Relevantive, (an organization based in Berlin, mengkhusus in talks about the institution ke'dapatpakai'an program, and web services), have made a conclusion that ke'dapatpakai'an Linux for work with the computer "desktop" is almost the same with Windows XP . However, the study by IDC (funded by Microsoft) to claim that Linux has ownership costs (Total Cost of ownership) in a higher proportionate Windows.
Linux is also often criticized because of the construction schedule can not be suspected. Directly, the user's Enterprise Linux with less opportunity than other operating systems (Source: Marcinkowski, 2003). Options that many in the circle said Linux also confuse customers, vendors and programs.
Installation
The difficult process that often-times a barrier for new users, but this process is now easier to end this final. With the acceptance of Linux by some pengeluar PC (Personal Computer) the largest, the computer that disedia-orbit pairs with Linux can be found. There is also the orbit where the Linux-boot Linux in the hold of the Live CD without installing to the Hard Disk. Examples shaped orbit Linux Live CD is Knoppix / Gnoppix and Gentoo. CD ISO image for Linux is to orbit can usually loaded down from the Internet, written to a CD, and then membootkan CD.
Configuration
Configuring Linux for most of the settings often need to be menerusi editing text files in the directory / etc. There are also Utilities such as Linuxconf and GNOME System Tools that facilitate this work aims to provide antaramuka graph. However, the landing is the way most commonly used.
Support
Support for Linux is usually obtained menerusi peer (in this context means rakan in talian) - other Linux users in the internet forums, newsgroups and list mel. Linux User Bundle (LUG, Linux Users Group) was established in sulurh the world to help local users, new users, and user experience. Assistance, including the installation, use, organize and encourage the development of a Linux system.
Pembekalan orbit for commercial Linux in general practice model to provide some sponsorship. Third party endorsement is also available
Scale Business Development Linux
A study (More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU / Linux 's Size [2]) on Red Hat Linux 7.1 found that this cycle contains 30 million lines of code source (''the source lines of code (SLOC )''). Using the COCOMO cost model of this study show that this orbit takes 8000 years of development, when the software is developed in the conventional way proprietasi. And will eat around 1:08 billion dollars (2000 dollars) to develop in the United States.
The majority of the code (71%) written in C, but many other languages used, including C + + shell scripts, Lisp, assembly language, Perl, Fortran and Python.
About half of the code in lisensikan under the GPL.
Kernel Linux kernel contains 2.4 million lines of code, or about 8% of the total, showed that the majority of the cycle consists of the Linux code was not in Linux Kernel.
"GNU / Linux"
See Naming controversy GNU / Linux
Because Utilities Utilities-projects from the GNU free operating system - without a Linux system this will not be a Unix-like system in a user perspective - Richard Stallman's GNU / FSF requested that a combination of the system (the GNU project and Linux kernel), referred to as "GNU / Linux." User orbit Debian Linux project's more likely to use the name. Most users are easier to use the term "Linux".
Action Act (Litigation)
Main article: SCO Vs IBM On Mac 2003, Kumpulan SCO (SCOG - SCO Group) has issued summons terbatasap IBM is claiming that IBM had entered was from intellectual property to SCOG in the Linux kernel, where he is in violation terbatasap license for IBM use UNIX. Said license is held by the SCO group. Moreover, Kumpulan SCO has also sent a letter to the institution and to give some warning about the use of Linux without a license from SCO group will receive an action from them. SCO also issued a set of statements in the media that they will be next menyaman Linux users. This controversy has been some criticism by mencetus Collection SCO terbatasap Novell, DaimlerChrysler, and AutoZone, other than the warrant request by Red Hat and others terbatasap SCOG.
Source: http://www.awali.org
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